Iron fortification of food crops through nanofertilisation

Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant cause of malnutrition worldwide, particularly in developing countries, affecting nearly 1.8 billion people worldwide. Agriculture is the primary source nutrients for humans, but increasing population and reducing arable lands areas putting agricultural sector under pressure, less developed calls intensive farming to increase crop yield overcome food deficiency challenges. Iron an essential microelement that plays vital role plant human growth, metabolism, its widely reported affects one-third world population. To combat micronutrient deficiency, crops must have improved nutritional qualities or be biofortified. Several biofortification programs with conventional breeding, biotechnological agronomic approaches been implemented limited success providing nutrients, especially under-developed countries. The use nanofertilisers as method yields availability soil uptake parts, minimising reliance on harmful chemical fertilisers essential. Using nanoparticles promising approach improving sustainability current practices production micronutrients, thus enhanced quality. This review evaluates iron several addressing critical knowledge gaps challenges addressed optimise sustainable application.